Exploring the influence of free radicals on photolytic removal of nadolol from water: Mechanism of degradation and toxicity of intermediates

β-blockers are known to have negative effects on fish and other aquatic animal species, so their removal is key for preserving ecosystems. To reduce the risks related β-blockers, it necessary assess develop more effective treatments such as advanced oxidation processes. Improving sewage a critical approach reducing in environments. In this work, first time, direct indirect photolysis of nadolol (NAD) was investigated under different light sources (simulated solar (SS), UV-LED, UV radiations) ultrapure water. Indirect by H 2 O showed 1.5, 2.1, 5.6 times higher NAD degradation efficiency than mentioned irradiations. This effect particularly pronounced presence radiation, which highest (80.2%). Computational analysis based density functional theory calculations, together with results photodegradation radical scavengers (isopropanol benzoquinone), used propose mechanism. Sixteen intermediates were proposed, along NMR chemical shifts. Also, study analyzed degree catalase activity, lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radicals neutralization its mixtures obtained after photolysis. The mineralization vitro toxicity UV/H assessed.